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Melanthera

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Melanthera
Melanthera nivea
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Subfamily: Asteroideae
Tribe: Heliantheae
Subtribe: Ecliptinae
Genus: Melanthera
Rohr[1]
Synonyms[2]
  • Echinocephalum Gardner
  • Melananthera Michx.

Melanthera (common name: squarestem),[3] is a genus of perennial[4] flowering plants in the family Asteraceae, native to the tropical and subtropical Americas.[2]

Despite their general hardiness, leaves of Melanthera species are often attacked by rusts such as Uromyces columbianus and Uromyces martinii.[5]

Taxonomy

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The classification of this genus was uncertain. At times it included species native North and South America, as well as Africa, Asia and Oceania, including Hawaiʻi.[6][7][8][9][10] Further studies are needed to clarify its taxonomic and phylogenetic relationships.[11]

The genus now includes three species native to the tropical Americas.[2] Species formerly placed in genus Melanthera are now placed in Lipochaeta (Hawaiian species), Lipotriche (sub-Saharan African species), and Wollastonia (species from eastern Africa, tropical and subtropical Asia, Australia, and the Pacific).[12]

Species

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Three species are currently accepted.[2]

Unplaced names

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Formerly placed here

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  • Lipochaeta bryanii Sherff – Pili Nehe; Hawaiʻi (as Melanthera bryanii (Sherff) W.L.Wagner & H.Rob.)
  • Lipochaeta fauriei H.Lév. – Olokele Canyon Nehe; Hawaiʻi (as Melanthera fauriei (H. Lév.) W.L.Wagner & H.Rob.)
  • Lipochaeta integrifolia (Nutt.) A.Gray – Kure Atoll Nehe; Hawaiʻi (as Melanthera integrifolia (Nutt.) W.L.Wagner & H.Rob.)
  • Lipochaeta kamolensis O.Deg. & Sherff – Maui Nehe; MauʻI (as Melanthera kamolensis (O.Deg.) & Sherff) W.L.Wagner & H.Rob.)
  • Lipochaeta lavarum (Gaudich.) DC. – Coastal Nehe; Hawaiʻi. (as Melanthera lavarum (Gaudich.) W.L. Wagner & H.Rob.)
  • Lipochaeta micrantha (Nutt.) A.Gray - Hawaiʻi (as Melanthera micrantha (Nutt.) W.L.Wagner & H.Rob.)
  • Lipochaeta perdita Sherff – Koʻokoʻolau; Hawaiʻi (as Melanthera perdita (Sherff) W.L.Wagner & H.Rob.)
  • Lipochaeta populifolia (Sherff) R.C.Gardner – Grassland Nehe; Hawaiʻi (as Melanthera populifolia (Sherff) W.L. Wagner & H.Rob.)
  • Lipochaeta remyi A.Gray – Annual Nehe; Hawaiʻi (as Melanthera remyi (A.Gray) W.L.Wagner & H.Rob.)
  • Lipochaeta subcordata A.Gray - Hawaiʻi (as Melanthera subcordata (A.Gray) W.L.Wagner & H.Rob.)
  • Lipochaeta tenuis O.Deg. & Sherff – Streambed Nehe; Hawaiʻi (as Melanthera tenuis (O.Deg. & Sherff) W.L.Wagner & H.Rob.)
  • Lipochaeta tenuifolia A.Gray – Waianae Range Nehe; Oʻahu (as Melanthera tenuifolia (A.Gray) W.L.Wagner & H.Rob.)
  • Lipochaeta venosa Sherff – Spreading Nehe; Hawaiʻi (as Melanthera venosa (Sherff) W.L. Wagner & H.Rob.)
  • Lipochaeta waimeaensis H.St.John – Waimea Canyon Nehe; KauaʻI (as Melanthera waimeaensis (H.St.John) W.L. Wagner & H.Rob.)
  • Lipotriche abyssinica (Sch.Bip. ex A.Rich.) Orchard (as Melanthera abyssinica (Sch.Bip. ex A.Rich.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Vatke, M. djalonensis A.Chev., and M. sokodensis Muschl. ex Hutch. & Dalziel)
  • Lipotriche elliptica (O.Hoffm.) D.J.N.Hind (as Melanthera elliptica O.Hoffm. and M. chevalieri O.Hoffm. & Muschl.)
  • Lipotriche felicis (C.D.Adams) D.J.N.Hind (as Melanthera felicis C.D.Adams)
  • Lipotriche gambica (Hutch. & Dalziel) Orchard (as Melanthera gambica Hutch. & Dalziel)
  • Lipotriche marlothiana (O.Hoffm.) D.J.N.Hind (as Melanthera marlothiana O.Hoffm.)
  • Lipotriche pungens (Oliv. & Hiern) Orchard (as Melanthera pungens Oliv. & Hiern)
  • Lipotriche rhombifolia (O.Hoffm. & Muschl.) D.J.N.Hind) (as Melanthera rhombifolia O.Hoffm. & Muschl.)
  • Lipotriche richardsiae (Wild) D.J.N.Hind (as Melanthera richardsae Wild)
  • Lipotriche robinsonii (Wild) D.J.N.Hind (as Melanthera robinsonii Wild)
  • Lipotriche scaberrima (Hiern) D.J.N.Hind (as Melanthera scaberrima Hiern)
  • Lipotriche scandens (Schumach. & Thonn.) Orchard (as Melanthera scandens (Schumach. & Thonn.) Brenan)
  • Lipotriche tithonioides (Aké Assi) D.J.N.Hind (as Melanthera tithonioides Aké Assi)
  • Lipotriche triternata (Klatt) Orchard (as Melanthera baumii O.Hoffm., M. monochaeta Hiern, M. schinziana S.Moore, M. triternata (Klatt) Wild, and M. varians Hiern)
  • Wollastonia biflora (L.) DC. (as Melanthera biflora (L.) Wild.)
  • Wollastonia dentata (H.Lév. & Vaniot) Orchard (as Melanthera prostrata (Hemsl.) W.L.Wagner & H.Rob., M. robusta (Makino) K.Ohashi & H.Ohashi, or M. taiwanensis S.S.Ying)
  • Wollastonia lifuana (Hochr. (as Melanthera lifuana (Hochr.) W.L.Wagner & H.Rob.)

References

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  1. ^ "Genus: Melanthera Rohr". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 1996-09-17. Archived from the original on 2015-06-18. Retrieved 2011-02-14.
  2. ^ a b c d "Melanthera Rohr". Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 4 February 2025.
  3. ^ NRCS. "Melanthera". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 30 June 2015.
  4. ^ Flora of North America Vol. 21 Page 123 Melanthera Rohr, Skr. Naturhist.-Selsk. 2: 213. 1792.
  5. ^ George Baker Cummins (1978). Rust Fungi on Legumes and Composites in North America. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. ISBN 0-8165-0653-1.
  6. ^ Rohr, Julius Philip Benjamin von. 1792. Skrifter af Naturhistorie-Selskabet 2(1): 213–214
  7. ^ Davidse, G., M. Sousa-Peña, S. Knapp & F. Chiang Cabrera. 2015. Asteraceae. 5(2): ined. In G. Davidse, M. Sousa Sánchez, S. Knapp & F. Chiang Cabrera (eds.) Flora Mesoamericana. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F.
  8. ^ Parks, J. C. 1973. A revision of North American and Caribbean Melanthera (Compositae). Rhodora 75: 169–210.
  9. ^ Pruski, J.F. 1997. Asteraceae. 3: 177–393. In J. A. Steyermark, P. E. Berry & B. K. Holst (eds.) Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis
  10. ^ Wild, H. 1965. The African species of the genus Melanthera Rohr. Kirkia 5: 1–17
  11. ^ Phylogenetic relationships of subtribe Ecliptinae - American Journal of Botany
  12. ^ Orchard, Anthony E. 2013. The Wollastonia/Melanthera/Wedelia generic complex (Asteraceae:Ecliptinae), with particular reference to Australia and Malesia. Nuytsia Volume 23 (25 July 2013):337-466.
  13. ^ Biota of North America Program, 2013 county distribution map
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