List of inorganic pigments
The following list includes commercially or artistically important inorganic pigments of natural and synthetic origin.[1]
Purple pigments
[edit]Aluminosilicate pigments
- Ultramarine violet (PV15): a synthetic or naturally occurring sulfur containing silicate mineral.
Copper pigments
- Han purple: BaCuSi2O6.
Cobalt pigments
- Cobalt violet (PV14): Co3(PO4)2.
Manganese pigments
- Manganese violet: NH4MnP2O7 (PV16) manganic ammonium pyrophosphate.[2]
Blue pigments
[edit]Organic pigments
Aluminosilicate pigments
- Ultramarine (PB29): a synthetic or naturally occurring sulfur containing silicate mineral - Na
8–10Al
6Si
6O
24S
2–4 (generalized formula) - Persian blue: made by grinding up the mineral Lapis lazuli. The most important mineral component of lapis lazuli is lazurite (25% to 40%), a feldspathoid silicate mineral with the formula (Na,Ca)
8(AlSiO
4)
6(S,SO
4,Cl)
1–2.
Cobalt pigments
- Cobalt blue (PB28): cobalt(II) aluminate.
- Cerulean blue (PB35): cobalt(II) stannate.
- Cerium uranium blue
Iron pigments
- Prussian blue (PB27): a synthetic inert pigment made of iron and cyanide: C18Fe7N18.
Manganese pigments
- YInMn Blue: a synthetic pigment (YIn1−xMnxO3).[3]
- Manganese blue: barium manganate(VI) sulfate.
Green pigments
[edit]Arsenic Pigments
- Scheele's Green: yellowish-green pigment commonly used during the early to mid-19th century (AsCuHO3)
- Paris Green: It was manufactured in 1814 to be a pigment to make a vibrant green paint
Cadmium pigments
- Cadmium green: a light green pigment consisting of a mixture of cadmium yellow (CdS) and chrome green (Cr2O3).
Chromium pigments
- Chrome green (PG17): anhydrous chromium(III) oxide (Cr2O3).
- Viridian (PG18): hydrated chromium(III) oxide Cr2O3 • xH2O.
Cobalt pigments
- Cobalt green: also known as Rinman's green or zinc green (CoZnO2).
Copper pigments
- Malachite: cupric carbonate hydroxide (Cu2CO3(OH)2).
- Scheele's Green (also called Schloss green): cupric arsenite (CuHAsO3).
- Brunswick green: various pigments, some with copper
Other pigments
- Green earth: also known as terre verte and Verona green (K[(Al,Fe3+),(Fe2+,Mg](AlSi3,Si4)O10(OH)2).
Yellow pigments
[edit]Arsenic pigments
- Orpiment: natural monoclinic arsenic sulfide (As2S3).
Bismuth pigments
- Primrose yellow (PY184): bismuth vanadate (BiVO4).
Cadmium pigments
- Cadmium yellow (PY37): cadmium sulfide (CdS), which also occurs as the mineral greenockite.
Chromium pigments
- Chrome yellow or crocoite (PY34): lead chromate (PbCrO4).
- Strontium yellow (PY32): SrCrO4
Cobalt pigments
- Aureolin or cobalt yellow (PY40): potassium cobaltinitrite (K3Co(NO2)6).
Iron pigments
- Yellow ochre (PY43): a naturally occurring clay of monohydrated ferric oxide (Fe2O3·H2O).
Lead pigments
- Naples yellow (PY41).
- Lead-tin-yellow: PbSnO4 or Pb(Sn,Si)O3.
Titanium pigments
- Titanium yellow (PY53): NiO·Sb2O3·20TiO2
Tin pigments
- Mosaic gold: stannic sulfide (SnS2).
Zinc pigments
- Zinc yellow (PY36): zinc chromate (ZnCrO4), a highly toxic substance with anti-corrosive properties which was historically most often used to paint over metals.
Orange pigments
[edit]Cadmium pigments
- Cadmium orange (PO20): an intermediate between cadmium red and cadmium yellow: cadmium sulfoselenide.
Vanadium pigments
- Bismuth vanadate orange (PO86): similar to vermilion.
Red pigments
[edit]Arsenic pigments
- Realgar: As4S4 - a highly toxic natural pigment.
Cadmium pigments
- Cadmium red (PR108): cadmium sulfo-selenide (Cd2SSe).
Cerium pigments
- Cerium sulfide red (PR265).
Iron oxide pigments
- Sanguine, Caput mortuum, Indian red, Venetian red, oxide red (PR102).
- Red ochre (PR102): anhydrous Fe2O3.
- Burnt sienna (PBr7): a pigment produced by heating raw sienna.
Lead pigments
- Minium (pigment): also known as red lead, lead tetroxide, Pb3O4.
Mercury pigments
Brown pigments
[edit]Clay earth pigments (naturally formed iron oxides)
- Raw umber (PBr7): a natural clay pigment consisting of iron oxide, manganese oxide and aluminum oxide: Fe2O3 + MnO2 + nH2O + SiO2 + Al2O3. When calcined (heated) it is referred to as burnt umber and has more intense colors.
- Raw sienna (PBr7): a naturally occurring yellow-brown pigment from limonite clay. Used in art since prehistoric times.
Black pigments
[edit]Carbonaceous pigments
- Carbon black (PBk7).
- Ivory black (PBk9).
- Vine black (PBk8).
- Lamp black (PBk6).
Iron pigments
- Mars black or Iron black (PBk11) (C.I. No.77499) Synthetic magnetite Fe3O4.
Manganese pigments
- Manganese dioxide: blackish or brown in color, used since prehistoric times (MnO2).
Titanium pigments
- Titanium black: Titanium(III) oxide (Ti2O3).
White pigments
[edit]Antimony pigment
- Antimony white: antimony(III) oxide (Sb2O3).
Barium pigments
- Barium sulfate (PW5 or baryte): barium sulfate (BaSO4).
- Lithopone: BaSO4•ZnS.
Lead pigment
- Cremnitz white (PW1): basic lead(II) carbonate ((PbCO3)2·Pb(OH)2).
Titanium pigment
- Titanium white (PW6): titanium(IV) oxide (TiO2).
Zinc pigments
- Zinc white (PW4): zinc oxide (ZnO).
- Sachtolith: zinc sulfide (ZnS).
Fluorescent pigments
[edit]- Uranium salts.
Safety
[edit]A number of pigments, especially traditional ones, contain heavy metals such as lead, mercury, and cadmium that are highly toxic. The use of these pigments is now highly restricted in many countries.[1]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b Völz, Hans G.; et al. "Pigments, Inorganic". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a20_243.pub2. ISBN 978-3-527-30673-2..
- ^ Müller, Hugo; Müller, Wolfgang; Wehner, Manfred; Liewald, Heike. "Artists' Colors". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a03_143.pub2. ISBN 978-3-527-30673-2.
- ^ Smith, Andrew E.; Mizoguchi, Hiroshi; Delaney, Kris; Spaldin, Nicola A.; Sleight, Arthur W.; Subramanian, M. A. (2009). "Mn3+ in Trigonal Bipyramidal Coordination: A New Blue Chromophore". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131 (47): 17084–17086. doi:10.1021/ja9080666. PMID 19899792.
External links
[edit]- . New International Encyclopedia. 1905.