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List of ghost towns in Oklahoma

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This article is about abandoned settlements in Oklahoma. For supposedly haunted places in Oklahoma, see List of reportedly haunted locations in the United States § Oklahoma.

Map of ghost towns in the Oklahoma pandhandle
Map of ghost towns in Northwestern Oklahoma
Map of ghost towns in North central Oklahoma
Map of ghost towns in Northeastern Oklahoma
Map of ghost towns in Southwestern Oklahoma
Map of ghost towns in South central Oklahoma
Map of ghost towns in Southeastern Oklahoma
Composite map of ghost towns in Oklahoma
Collection of maps from the ghost towns documented in Ghost Towns of Oklahoma (first seven images) and Here Today (final image)

The U.S. state of Oklahoma has an estimated two thousand ghost towns. These towns began for a number of reasons, often as liquor towns, boomtowns, or mining towns, with some pre-dating statehood. The population and activity later declined in these locations due to the exhaustion of natural resources, manmade or natural disasters, urbanization, the creation of a water source, or after being bypassed by highways and interstates.

These places vary in their current states with some having completely disappeared while others still have small communities. A small number have also gained notability for other reasons, such as being part of the Tar Creek Superfund Site, for existing in an unusual location, or for crimes. The earliest known ghost town in the state was said to have been one by 1839 while the latest were evacuated in 2010.

History

[edit]

Oklahoma is a U.S. state in the South Central region of the United States. It has the nation's twenty-eighth largest population and ranks twentieth in terms of land area in the United States.[1] There are an estimated two thousand ghost towns within the state.[2] Many of these sites emerged quickly for various reasons. Prior to statehood, these were often "liquor towns" (or "whiskey towns"), located in Oklahoma Territory which served alcohol to adjacent residents of Indian Territory, a then-dry territory. Similarly, towns in the Oklahoma panhandle (then called "No Man's Land") were a place for lawlessness where alcohol was also served to residents of the surrounding towns in Kansas and Texas where it was otherwise prohibited. In later years, after Oklahoma was admitted to the union, several boomtowns were established after the discovery of natural resources, such as oil or petroleum jelly. Several mining towns also took form when lead, zinc, gold, or coal was discovered.[3][4][5][6]

Over time, these towns ceased to exist for a variety of reasons. Some towns diminished as the natural resources were exhausted and the population moved to other locations. The residents in other places frequently relocated to be closer to newly-laid railroad tracks, a post office, a water source, or larger cities. Some towns were abandoned when the townspeople were displaced after manmade and natural disasters such as tornadoes, fires (both wild and arson), floods, sinkholes, or being declared a superfund site. A number of places were also demolished to create artificial lakes and dams. In later years, many towns faded away when they were bypassed by the U.S. Numbered Highway System, and later the Interstate Highway System.[3][4]

Ghost towns in Oklahoma have been extensively researched and documented in two books, both released by the University of Oklahoma Press: Ghost Towns of Oklahoma (1978) by John W. Morris and Here Today: Oklahoma's Ghost Towns, Vanishing Towns, and Towns Persisting Against the Odds (2024) by Jeffrey B. Schmidt. The definition of "ghost town" varies from author to author. Morris, for example, classified them as such if they met one of three criteria: places that no longer exist and have no physical evidence remaining, places in which structures remain but have been abandoned and are unused, or places where the population has decreased eighty percent or more from its peak.[3][4]

Schmidt, meanwhile, had a lower threshold for population decline and placed listed towns into one of five specific categories—Barren Site, Neglected Site, Abandoned Site, Semi-Abandoned Site, or Historic Community—which are used as a methodology to describe the locations' then-statuses. While still covering historic communities in his book, Schmidt did not consider them to meet the criteria of a ghost town. Further definitions of what a ghost town is have been shaped by various other authors whose scope often extends outside of Oklahoma itself.[4]

Oklahoma's ghost towns are in various states of existence. The locations of Autwine and Zincville, among others, have very little to no physical evidence remaining, such as ruins or foundations, and have been reverted for agricultural use. Other locations are similar to those of Gotebo and Warwick and may still have abandoned buildings or even a community that contains businesses, schools, or a local government, and in which citizens reside.[7][8]

A few ghost towns have also become particularly notable in their own right for other reasons. For example, Picher has been referred to as the most toxic town in America,[a] while residents in Texola were classified as both Oklahomans and Texans because the town was surveyed eight different times, often with different results about whether the area actually existed in Oklahoma or Texas.[13] Kenton is known for being the only place in Oklahoma to observe Mountain Time[14] and Shamrock rose to notoriety after it was discovered that local law enforcement were issuing illegal traffic tickets because they were not actually police officers to begin with.[15]

List of ghost towns

[edit]
List of ghost towns in Oklahoma
Town Other name(s) County Existed[b] Current remnants/status Ref(s).
Incorporated Dissolved
Academy Armstrong Academy,
Chahta Tamaha 		Bryan 1844 c. 1921 Foundations and cemetery [16]
Acme — Grady 1911 1930 Residences and ruins [17]
Adamson — Pittsburg c. early 1900s 1950 Residences and grocery stores [18]
Addington — Jefferson 1901 c. 1930s Businesses and abandoned structures [19]
Afton — Ottawa 1886 1997 Small community and abandoned structures [20][21]
Akins — Sequoyah 1894 1943 Few residents in an agricultural community [22]
Aline — Alfalfa 1894 2000 Small community and abandoned structures [23]
Alluwe Lightning Creek Creek c. 1880s c. 1950s Current site of Oologah Lake [24]
Alpha — Kingfisher 1893 1902 None [25][26]
America — McCurtain 1907 1944 Current site of the Ouachita National Forest [27][28]
Atwood Newburg Hughes 1897 1967 Small community and abandoned structures [29]
Autwine Virginia City Kay 1899 1930 None [30]
Avard — Woods 1904 2010 Restaurant, grain elevator, and abandoned structures [31][32]
Avery — Lincoln 1902 1957 Residences and abandoned structures [33]
Beer City White City Texas 1888 1890 Agricultural use [34]
Benton — Beaver c. early 1880s 1920 Agricultural use [35]
Bernice Needmore Delaware c. late 1880s 1941 Current site of Grand Lake o' the Cherokees [36]
Bessie — Washita 1903 1950s Small community [37]
Bickford — Blaine 1904 1929 Current site of Roman Nose State Park [38]
Bigheart[c] — Osage 1905 1921 Few structures [39]
Big Cedar Bigcedar LeFlore 1903 1943 Gas stations and John F. Kennedy monument [40]
Blackburn — Pawnee 1893 1960 Churches and abandoned structures [41][42]
Boggy Depot Old Boggy Depot Atoka 1837 1883 Cemetery [43]
Bridgeport — Caddo 1893 1909 Grocery store [44]
Brinkman — Greer 1910 1974 None [45]
Bromide Juanita,
Zenobia 		Coal c. early 1900s 1930 Grocery store [46]
Johnston
Brooksville Lelian,
Sewell 		Pottawatomie 1909 1955 Residents and abandoned structures [47]
Burke City — Okfuskee 1901 c. 1903 None, flooded by North Canadian River [48]
Byars — McClain 1902 1964 Residences and abandoned buildings [49]
Caney — Atoka 1879 1960 Small community [50][51]
Cardin[d][e] Tar River Ottawa 1913 1938 Abandoned [53][54]
1983 2010
Carter — Beckham 1900 2002 Small community [55]
Catesby — Ellis 1902 1970 Church [56]
Cayuga — Delaware 1884 1913 Structures [57]
Center — Pontotoc c. mid 1880s 1900 Vacant structures [58]
Centralia — Craig c. mid 1890s c. 1930s Store, post office, and abandoned structures [59]
Cestos — Dewey 1892 c. early 1920s Store and abandoned structures [60]
Cherokee Town — Garvin 1874 c. mid 1880s Agricultural use [61]
Clearview Abelincoln,
Lincoln 		Okfuskee 1889 1992 Residences and abandoned structures [62]
Cloud Chief Tacola Washita 1892 1913 Church and abandoned structures [63]
Cold Springs — Kiowa 1901 c. 1903 None, cleared for West Otter Creek [64]
Colony Seger's Colony Washita 1886 1941 Abandoned structures [65]
Corbett — Cleveland 1893 1930 Church and abandoned structures [66]
Crawford — Roger Mills 1910 1930 Small community and abandoned structures [67]
Cromwell — Seminole 1923 1930 Small community [68]
Cross[f] — Kay 1893 1894 Unknown [69][5]
Denoya Whizbang Osage 1921 c. 1930s Oil rigs and foundations [70]
Devol — Cotton 1907 1959 Small community [71]
Doaksville Fort Towson Choctaw 1820 c. early 1900s Cemetery [72][73]
Doby Springs[g] Bellaire Harper 1907 1912 City of Buffalo park and water source [74]
Dougherty Henderson Flat,
Strawberry Flat 		Murray 1887 1993 Small community and abandoned structures [75]
Douthat[d] Century Ottawa 1916 1970 Abandoned [76]
Eagle City Dillon Blaine 1902 1960s Small community and abandoned structures [77][78]
Earlsboro — Pottawatomie 1891 1940 Businesses and abandoned structures [79][80]
Fallis Mission Lincoln 1892 1970 Residences and abandoned structures [81]
Faxon Slogan Comanche 1902 1995 Abandoned structures [82]
Fay — Dewey 1894 1969 Small community and abandoned structures [83]
Fleetwood — Jefferson 1885 1961 Farms and abandoned structures [84]
Foraker — Osage 1905 c. 1930s Few residences [85]
Foss — Washita c. 1890s 1977 Grocery store, gas station, and abandoned structures [86]
Francis Newton Pontotoc 1894 1940 Businesses and abandoned structures [87]
Gene Autry Berwyn,
Dresden,
Lou 		Carter 1883 1975 Small community [88][89]
Gerty Guertie,
Raydon 		Hughes 1893 1965 Abandoned buildings remain [90]
Gotebo — Kiowa 1904 1990 Small community and abandoned structures [91]
Gould Gibson Harmon 1917 1990 Small community and abandoned structures [92]
Grand — Ellis 1892 1908 Landscaping and abandoned structures [93]
Grayson Wildcat Okmulgee 1897 1967 Churches and community building [94]
Gray Horse — Osage 1884 1931 Residences and abandoned structures [95]
Hanna Hasson McIntosh 1902 1938 Schools [96]
Hanson — Sequoyah 1888 1910 Few residences [97]
Hastings — Jefferson 1902 1960s Small community [98][99]
Hess — Jackson 1889 1920 Abandoned structures [100]
Hitchcock — Blaine 1901 1959 Small community and abandoned structures [101]
Hockerville[d] — Ottawa 1916 2010 Abandoned [76]
Hollister — Tillman 1909 1968 Abandoned structures and ruins [102]
Independence — Custer 1892 1922 None, agricultural use [103]
Ingalls — Payne 1889 1938 Monument [104]
Ingersoll — Alfalfa 1901 1942 Small community and abandoned structures [105]
Jefferson — Grant 1866 1974 Churches and few residents [106]
Jumbo — Pushmataha 1906 1950s Small community [107]
Kaw City — Kay 1902 1970 Current site of Kaw Reservoir [108]
Kenton Crrizo,
Florence 		Cimarron 1886 1913 Museum and post office [109][110]
Keokuk Falls Keokuk Pottawatomie 1891 1918 Abandoned structure [111][112]
Knowles Sands City Beaver 1906 1966 Grocery store and post office [113][114]
Kosoma — Pushmataha 1888 1954 Residences and abandoned structures [115]
Lamar Scott Company Town Hughes 1908 1961 Churches and abandoned structures [116]
Lehigh — Coal 1880 1956 Residences and businesses [117]
Lenora — Dewey 1896 1955 Small community [118]
Lima[h] — Seminole 1904 1978 School and abandoned structures [119]
Loco — Stephens 1890 early 1980s Small community and abandoned structures [120][121]
Logan — Beaver 1888 1973 Cemetery and abandoned structures [122]
Lookeba — Caddo 1898 1960 Small community [123]
Lost City — Cherokee early 1890s 2008 Small community [124][125]
Loveland Harriston Tillman 1908 1968 Small community and abandoned structures [126]
Lovell Perth Logan 1889 1950 Residences, abandoned structures, and foundations [127]
Loyal Kiel Kingfisher 1894 1940 School, agricultural use [128][129]
Lugert — Kiowa 1901 1940 Ruins, current site of Lake Altus-Lugert [130]
Macomb McComb Pottawatomie 1903 1950 Small community [131][132]
Maramec — Pawnee 1901 1957 Small community [133]
Marshall — Logan 1890 1976 Small community and abandoned structures [134]
Martha — Jackson 1889 1993 Few residences and abandoned structures [135]
May — Harper 1896 1973 Post office and abandoned structures [136]
Meers — Comanche 1901 1905 Abaonded structures [137]
Meridian — Logan 1902 2000 Few residences and abandoned structures [138][139][140]
Mineral Mineral City Cimarron 1886 1910 Abandoned structures [141]
Mouser — Texas 1928 Unknown[i] Abandoned [142]
Mulhall — Logan 1889 1920 Small community and abandoned structures [143]
Payne
Nash Nashville Grant 1894 1993 Small community and abandoned structures [144]
Navajoe — Jackson 1887 1905 Cemetery [145]
Oakwood — Dewey 1899 1958 Small community and abandoned structures [146]
Oktaha — Muskogee 1872 1920 Post office and ruins [147][148]
Omega — Kingfisher 1892 2009 Small community and abandoned structures [149]
Orlando — Logan 1893 1964 Small community and abandoned structures [150]
Payne
Osage Osage City Osage 1906 1961 Church and post office [151]
Park Hill — Cherokee 1836 1942 Cemeteries and tourism building [152]
Peoria[d] — Ottawa 1891 1941 Small community [153]
Picher[d] — Ottawa 1916 2010 Chat piles, abandoned structures, and foundations [154][54][155]
Pittsburg — Pittsburg 1909 1959 Small community [156]
Port — Washita 1901 1966 Few structures, agriculture use [157]
Putnam — Dewey 1895 1950 Store, abandoned structures, and foundations [158]
Quay Lawson Pawnee 1894 1957 Few structures [159]
Payne
Quinlan — Woodward 1893 late 1920s Church and few structures [160]
Reed — Greer 1892 1975 Small community and abandoned structures [161]
Red Bird Redbird Wagoner 1902 1975 Church and abandoned structures [162]
Ringo — Washington 1889 1900 Hotel [163]
Rocky — Washita 1898 1967 Small community and abandoned structures [164]
Roosevelt — Kiowa 1901 1993 Abandoned structures [165]
Rosedale — McClain 1908 1971 Residences and abandoned structures [166]
Sacred Heart Sacred Heart Mission Pottawatomie 1879 1954 Small community and abandoned structures [167]
Santa Fe — Stephens 1921 1950 Oil rigs and foundations [168]
Shamrock — Creek 1910 2010 Small community and abandoned structures [169][170][171]
Silver City — Grady 1883 1890 Cemetery, agricultural use [172]
Skedee Lamert Pawnee 1902 1963 Small community and abandoned structures [173][174][175]
Skullyville Scullyville LeFlore 1831 1917 Cemetery [176]
Slick — Creek 1920 1930 Small community [177]
Sparks — Lincol 1902 1930s Small community and abandoned structures [178]
Spencerville — Choctaw 1844 Unknown Small community [179]
St. Louis Simpsonville Pottawatomie 1906 1993 Small community and abandoned structures [180]
Stecker — Caddo 1909 1954 Small community and abandoned structures [181]
Strong City — Roger Mills 1911 1956 Small community and abandoned structures [182]
Stuart Hoyuby Hughes 1896 1940 School and residences [183][184]
Sugden — Jefferson early 1890s 1955 Small community and foundations [185]
Summit — Muskogee 1896 1959 Cemeteries [186]
Sumner — Noble 1893 1964 Churches and foundations [187]
Tahlonteeskee — Sequoyah c. 1828–1829 1839 Unknown [188]
Taft — Muskogee 1902 1990 Small community [189][190]
Talala — Rogers 1890 early 1920s Small agricultural community [191]
Tamaha — Haskell 1884 1964 Small community [192]
Tatums Tatum Carter 1894 1990 Small community and abandoned structures [193][194]
Texola Texokla,
Texoma 		Beckham 1901 1990 Small community and abandoned structures [195][196]
Terlton — Pawnee 1894 1962 Small community [197]
Three Sands — Kay 1921 1951 Agricultural use [198]
Noble
Vernon — McIntosh 1910 1991 Residences and abandoned structures [199]
Vinson Francis,
Trotter 		Harmon 1903 1964 Churches [200]
Wanette Aberline Pottawatomie 1877 1930 Small community and abandoned structures [201]
Warwick — Lincoln 1892 1972 Small community [202][203]
Whitefield — Haskell 1881 Unknown[j] Post office, agricultural use [205][204]
Willow — Greer 1899 1957 Churches and restaurants [206]
Wirt[k] Ragtown Carter 1913 1972 Abandoned structures [207]
Woodford Bywater Carter 1870 1974 Abandoned structures [208]
Woodville Harney Marshall 1880 early 1940s Current site of Lake Texoma [209]
Yeager — Hughes 1902 1974 Few residents [210]
Yewed — Alfalfa 1898 1958 Residences and abandoned structures [211]
Zincville[d] St. Louis Ottawa 1917 1954 Abandoned [76]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Attributed to multiple references: [9][10][11][12]
  2. ^ The year that the town was officially established or dissolved is listed when available. Some communities were never formally established. In other cases, the listed year may be the earliest or latest year in which a post office, school, railroad, major economic development, or a significant population existed. A year listed does not necessarily imply that the town has been formally dissolved or that the population in that location is zero.
  3. ^ Former city limits annexed by Barnsdall[39]
  4. ^ a b c d e f Part of the Tar Creek Superfund Site[52]
  5. ^ After being incorporated in 1913, Cardin was officially dissolved for the first time in 1938. The residents re-incorporated in 1983 before the town was dissolved for a second time in 2010 after federal buyouts by the Environmental Protection Agency.[53]
  6. ^ Former city limits annexed by Ponca City[69]
  7. ^ Former city limits annexed by Buffalo[74]
  8. ^ Consolidated with the nearby town of New Lima[119]
  9. ^ By 1975[142]
  10. ^ Whitefield is said to have begun declining during the Great Depression.[204]
  11. ^ Former city limits annexed by Healdton[207]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Omondi, Sharon (June 13, 2019). "When Was The US State Of Oklahoma Founded?". WorldAtlas. Retrieved March 20, 2025.
  2. ^ Ruth, Kent (November 13, 1983). "Oklahoma's Ghost Towns Make for Interesting Outings". The Daily Oklahoman. Gannett Media. Archived from the original on October 2, 2022. Retrieved March 19, 2025.
  3. ^ a b c Morris 1978, pp. 3–9.
  4. ^ a b c d Schmidt 2024, pp. 1–20.
  5. ^ a b Wilson, Linda D. (January 15, 2010). "Ghost Towns". The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. Oklahoma Historical Society. Archived from the original on January 16, 2025. Retrieved March 17, 2025.
  6. ^ Shepherd, Dan (April 26, 2024). "Last Residents of Picher, Oklahoma Won't Give Up the Ghost (Town)". NBC News. NBCUniversal Media Group. Archived from the original on December 8, 2024. Retrieved March 17, 2025.
  7. ^ Morris 1978.
  8. ^ Schmidt 2024.
  9. ^ Daniel 2019, p. 5.
  10. ^ Dangerfield, Maya (December 7, 2017). "Picher, Oklahoma Is America's Most Toxic Town". Business Insider. Insider Inc. Archived from the original on December 13, 2018. Retrieved March 18, 2025.
  11. ^ Paynter, Ben (August 30, 2010). "Take a Tour of America's Most Toxic Town". Wired. Condé Nast. Archived from the original on February 22, 2025. Retrieved March 18, 2025.
  12. ^ Valera, Stephanie (March 11, 2016). "Inside an Eerie Ghost Town and 'Most Toxic Place in America' (PHOTOS)". The Weather Channel. The Weather Company. Archived from the original on June 19, 2024. Retrieved March 18, 2025.
  13. ^ Schmidt 2024, pp. 234–236.
  14. ^ Young, Norma Gene (January 15, 2010). "Cimarron County". The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. Oklahoma Historical Society. Archived from the original on June 20, 2024. Retrieved March 18, 2025.
  15. ^ Fullbright, Lori (December 8, 2010). "Police In Shamrock, Oklahoma Writing Illegal Tickets". KOTV. Griffin Media. Archived from the original on April 7, 2022. Retrieved March 18, 2025.
  16. ^ Morris 1978, pp. 10–11.
  17. ^ Morris 1978, p. 12.
  18. ^ Morris 1978, pp. 12–14.
  19. ^ Morris 1978, pp. 14–16.
  20. ^ Hinckley & Kerrick 2020, pp. 60–63.
  21. ^ O'Dell, Larry (January 15, 2010). "Afton". The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. Oklahoma Historical Society. Archived from the original on January 13, 2025. Retrieved March 19, 2025.
  22. ^ Etter 1996, pp. 167–176.
  23. ^ Schmidt 2024, pp. 243–245.
  24. ^ Morris 1978, pp. 16–17.
  25. ^ Schmidt 2024, p. 69.
  26. ^ Morris 1978, p. 8.
  27. ^ Morris 1978, p. 18.
  28. ^ Etter 1996, pp. 133–137.
  29. ^ Schmidt 2024, pp. 143–144.
  30. ^ Morris 1978, pp. 19–20.
  31. ^ Morris 1978, pp. 20–22.
  32. ^ Reichenberger, Donovan (January 15, 2010). "Avard". The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. Oklahoma Historical Society. Archived from the original on January 22, 2025. Retrieved March 19, 2025.
  33. ^ Morris 1978, pp. 22–23.
  34. ^ Morris 1978, pp. 24–25.
  35. ^ Morris 1978, pp. 25–26.
  36. ^ Morris 1978, pp. 26–27.
  37. ^ Schmidt 2024, pp. 189–192.
  38. ^ Morris 1978, p. 27.
  39. ^ a b Etter 1996, pp. 111–122.
  40. ^ Morris 1978, pp. 28–30.
  41. ^ Morris 1978, pp. 30–31.
  42. ^ Schmidt 2024, pp. 95–98.
  43. ^ Morris 1978, pp. 31–34.
  44. ^ Morris 1978, pp. 34–36.
  45. ^ Morris 1978, pp. 36–37.
  46. ^ Morris 1978, pp. 37–38.
  47. ^ Schmidt 2024, pp. 29–31.
  48. ^ Morris 1978, p. 40.
  49. ^ Schmidt 2024, pp. 31–35.
  50. ^ Etter 1996, pp. 159–166.
  51. ^ Denison, Cindy (January 15, 2010). "Caney". The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. Oklahoma Historical Society. Archived from the original on September 20, 2024. Retrieved March 19, 2025.
  52. ^ "EPA - Cleanups in My Community". Environmental Protection Agency. March 5, 2025. Retrieved March 18, 2025.
  53. ^ a b Magoteaux, Savannah (January 2020). "Ghost Town – Cardin, Oklahoma". Oklahoma Farm & Ranch. Vol. 5, no. 1. Post Oak Media.
  54. ^ a b Stogsdill, Shelia. "Towns of Picher, Cardin Officially Dissolved". The Oklahoman. Archived from the original on March 3, 2025. Retrieved March 3, 2025.
  55. ^ Schmidt 2024, pp. 192–196.
  56. ^ Morris 1978, pp. 40–41.
  57. ^ Morris 1978, pp. 41–42.
  58. ^ Morris 1978, pp. 42–44.
  59. ^ Morris 1978, pp. 44.
  60. ^ Morris 1978, p. 46.
  61. ^ Morris 1978, pp. 48–49.
  62. ^ Schmidt 2024, pp. 147–150.
  63. ^ Morris 1978, pp. 49–51.
  64. ^ Morris 1978, pp. 51–53.
  65. ^ Schmidt 2024, pp. 35–38.
  66. ^ Morris 1978, pp. 55–56.
  67. ^ Morris 1978, pp. 57–58.
  68. ^ Morris 1978, pp. 58–60.
  69. ^ a b Morris 1978, pp. 60–63.
  70. ^ Morris 1978, pp. 64–65.
  71. ^ Morris 1978, pp. 66–67.
  72. ^ Morris 1978, pp. 67–69.
  73. ^ Schmidt 2024, pp. 155–158.
  74. ^ a b Morris 1978, p. 69.
  75. ^ Schmidt 2024, pp. 150–152.
  76. ^ a b c Caldwell, Bill (December 15, 2023). "Ottawa County Home to Ghost Mining Towns". Joplin Globe. Archived from the original on January 17, 2024. Retrieved March 18, 2025.
  77. ^ Morris 1978, pp. 74–75.
  78. ^ Cowan, Emily (March 16, 2023). "Eagle City Gym". Abandoned Oklahoma. Abandoned Atlas Foundation. Archived from the original on December 4, 2024. Retrieved March 17, 2025.
  79. ^ Morris 1978, pp. 75–78.
  80. ^ Morris, John W. (1965). Earlsboro - Boom and Bust. Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science. Vol. 45. Oklahoma Academy of Science. Archived from the original on March 5, 2019. Retrieved March 17, 2025 – via Oklahoma State University Library Electronic Publishing Center.
  81. ^ Morris 1978, pp. 80–81.
  82. ^ Schmidt 2024, pp. 207–209.
  83. ^ Schmidt 2024, pp. 40–44.
  84. ^ Morris 1978, pp. 81–82.
  85. ^ Morris 1978, pp. 82–83.
  86. ^ Morris 1978, pp. 83–86.
  87. ^ Morris 1978, pp. 86–87.
  88. ^ Morris 1978, pp. 91–94.
  89. ^ Schmidt 2024, pp. 158–161.
  90. ^ Schmidt 2024, pp. 161–163.
  91. ^ Schmidt 2024, pp. 209–212.
  92. ^ Schmidt 2024, pp. 212–215.
  93. ^ Morris 1978, pp. 94–95.
  94. ^ Schmidt 2024, pp. 104–106.
  95. ^ Morris 1978, pp. 96–97.
  96. ^ Schmidt 2024, pp. 163–165.
  97. ^ Morris 1978, pp. 97–98.
  98. ^ Schmidt 2024, pp. 215–217.
  99. ^ May, Jon D. (January 15, 2010). "Hastings". The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. Oklahoma Historical Society. Archived from the original on January 16, 2025. Retrieved March 17, 2025.
  100. ^ Etter 1996, pp. 123–132.
  101. ^ Schmidt 2024, pp. 47–48.
  102. ^ Schmidt 2024, pp. 218–220.
  103. ^ Morris 1978, pp. 99–100.
  104. ^ Morris 1978, pp. 100–102.
  105. ^ Morris 1978, pp. 102–103.
  106. ^ Morris 1978, pp. 104–105.
  107. ^ Morris 1978, p. 105.
  108. ^ Morris 1978, pp. 106–108.
  109. ^ Morris 1978, pp. 108–110.
  110. ^ Schmidt 2024, pp. 265–268.
  111. ^ Morris 1978, pp. 110–112.
  112. ^ Etter 1996, pp. 211–220.
  113. ^ Morris 1978, pp. 114–115.
  114. ^ Hodges, V. Pauline (January 15, 2010). "Knowles". The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. Oklahoma Historical Society. Retrieved March 17, 2020.
  115. ^ Morris 1978, pp. 115–117.
  116. ^ Schmidt 2024, pp. 168–170.
  117. ^ Morris 1978, pp. 117–119.
  118. ^ Morris 1978, p. 120.
  119. ^ a b Schmidt 2024, pp. 51–54.
  120. ^ Schmidt 2024, pp. 220–222.
  121. ^ Savage, Cynthia (January 15, 2010). "Loco". The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. Oklahoma Historical Society. Archived from the original on January 14, 2025. Retrieved March 17, 2025.
  122. ^ Morris 1978, pp. 122–123.
  123. ^ Schmidt 2024, pp. 54–56.
  124. ^ Etter 1996, pp. 221–227.
  125. ^ Murphy, Jami (September 28, 2010). "Lost City a City of 2 Tales". Cherokee Phoenix. Retrieved March 17, 2025.
  126. ^ Morris 1978, pp. 123–124.
  127. ^ Morris 1978, pp. 124–125.
  128. ^ Schmidt 2024, pp. 56–58.
  129. ^ Everett, Dianna (January 15, 2010). "Loyal". The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. Oklahoma Historical Society. Archived from the original on January 16, 2025. Retrieved March 18, 2025.
  130. ^ Morris 1978, pp. 125–127.
  131. ^ Schmidt 2024, pp. 58–60.
  132. ^ Cope, Bessie (January 15, 2010). "Macomb". The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. Oklahoma Historical Society. Archived from the original on January 22, 2025. Retrieved March 17, 2025.
  133. ^ Schmidt 2024, pp. 110–111.
  134. ^ Schmidt 2024, pp. 60–63.
  135. ^ Schmidt 2024, pp. 224–226.
  136. ^ Schmidt 2024, pp. 273–274.
  137. ^ Morris 1978, pp. 128–129.
  138. ^ Sims, Jaydon (October 24, 2023). "Undead: Ghost Towns Ressurrected in Black and White". The Vista. Vol. 121, no. 7. University of Central Oklahoma.
  139. ^ Hedglen, Thomas L. (January 15, 2010). "Meridian". The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. Oklahoma Historical Society. Archived from the original on January 16, 2025. Retrieved March 3, 2025.
  140. ^ Schmidt 2024, p. 65.
  141. ^ Morris 1978, p. 131.
  142. ^ a b Morris 1978, p. 132.
  143. ^ Schmidt 2024, pp. 66–68.
  144. ^ Schmidt 2024, pp. 275–276.
  145. ^ Morris 1978, pp. 132–135.
  146. ^ Schmidt 2024, pp. 277–279.
  147. ^ Etter 1996, pp. 151–157.
  148. ^ Waits, Jr., Wallace F. (January 15, 2010). "Oktaha". The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. Oklahoma Historical Society. Archived from the original on November 18, 2024. Retrieved March 18, 2025.
  149. ^ Schmidt 2024, pp. 69–71.
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  151. ^ Schmidt 2024, pp. 111–114.
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Bibliography

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Further reading

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