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Interim government of Muhammad Yunus

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This article is about Muhammad Yunus's tenure as the chief adviser of the interim government. For his cabinet, see Yunus ministry.

Muhammad Yunus
Yunus in 2025
Interim government of Muhammad Yunus
8 August 2024 – present
President
Cabinet
PartyIndependent
Nominated byStudents Against Discrimination
Appointed byPresident Mohammed Shahabuddin
SeatState Guest House Jamuna

The leadership of Muhammad Yunus began on 8 August 2024 when he was sworn in as the Chief Adviser of Bangladesh by President Mohammed Shahabuddin.[1] In August 2024, after the resignation of Sheikh Hasina as prime minister and her departure to India following the Student–People's uprising, the key coordinators of the uprising announced that Yunus would be Chief Adviser of the interim government.[2][3] The main pledge of this government is organise a constituent assembly to draft and adopt a new, inclusive, democratic constitution, ensuring the inviolability of human dignity.[4]

Background

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On 5 August 2024, General Waker-uz-Zaman, the Chief of the Army Staff, handed the resignation of Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina to President Mohammed Shahabuddin following the uprising.[5][6][7] President Shahabuddin immediately started the process of meeting with political leaders, key coordinators of the protest and civil society members from around the country to discuss the formation of an interim government. President dissolved the Parliament on 6 August 2024.[8][9]

Inauguration

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Yunus was sworn in as the Chief Adviser of Bangladesh in a ceremony at the Bangabhaban on 8 August 2024.[10] President of Bangladesh Mohammed Shahabuddin administered the oath ceremony. Foreign diplomats, civil society members, top businessmen and members of the former opposition party and other guests attended the state ceremony. Yunus and the President signed the oath documents of the office.[11]

Domestic affairs

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Advisory council meeting under the chairmanship of Muhammad Yunus on 12 September 2024.

On 9 August 2024, Yunus visited injured people at Dhaka Medical College Hospital.[12] On 10 August 2024, he also visited the home and family members of Abu Sayed and paid respects to Sayed's grave in Rangpur.[13] On 13 August, he visited the Dhakeshwari National Temple, the main place of worship for the Hindu minority in the capital city of Dhaka to meet the leaders of the Hindu community and denounced the post-resignation attacks on Hindus and other religious and ethnic minorities.[14]

As head of government, Yunus delivered his first address to the nation on 25 August 2024. He outlined the proposed reforms in his half-hour speech. In the speech, he sought for constitutional and electoral reforms and promised to reform the country's economy, education, health, human rights, election system, legal system etc. in many other areas.[15][16] On 11 September, Muhammad Yunus announced 6 commissions to fulfil the interim government's intentions to reform the electoral system, police administration, judiciary and public administration in Bangladesh alongside strengthening anti-corruption measures and amending the constitution avert from the previous authoritarian regime.[17][18]

Hasina regime's violent crackdown included the use of tear gas, live ammunition, and mass arrests, resulting in over 1,000 deaths and thousands of detentions within three weeks during the Student–People's uprising. Interim leader Yunus later claimed that as many as 1,500 people were killed and up to 3,500 forcibly abducted during Hasina's 15-year rule. He pledged investigations into these alleged violations and enforced disappearances.[19]

Almost immediately after the transition of power, the main opposition in the country demanded elections. However, the law, justice and parliamentary affairs adviser to the government, Asif Nazrul, said that the incumbent would "remain in power as long as necessary."[20]

In late August, several individuals associated with Islamic terrorist organisations such as Ansarullah Bangla Team and Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen and Islamist parties like Jamaat-e-Islami, who were allegedly imprisoned on false charges, were released from prisons by the interim government. Many were cleared of all charges while some were released on bail. One of the most controversial moves was the release of Mufti Jashimuddin Rahmani, chief of the Ansarullah Bangla Team. There were at least 4 cases lodged against him for inciting terrorism.[21][22][23]

On 17 September, July Shaheed Smrity Foundation was launched to support the families of those who were killed or injured in the uprising. 1 billion taka was donated from the relief fund of the chief adviser.[24]

Graffiti drawn by the students following the uprising featuring Chief Adviser Yunus

In October 2024, despite heavy security and deployment of armed personnel, scattered incidents of idol desecration and violent intimidation of Hindus occurred in various parts of the country during Durga Puja festivities in an attempt to jeopardize the observance of the most important Hindu festival in the country.[25]

A graffiti photo with the term Adibashi was removed from Bangladeshi textbooks in an effort to maintain "state harmony" and a "pluralistic society".[26][27] The removal of the graffiti prompted a demonstration by indigenous activists, which would be followed by an attack on the demonstrators by the group "Students for Sovereignty" on 15 January 2025, injuring 20 people.[28] The group previously has criticized Yunus for using the term Adibashi in his speech on 25 August 2024. Protests continued on 16 January, as indigenous rights students, under the Agitated Adibashi Students banner, marched towards the home ministry; the police responded with water cannons and batons in accordance to the principles the interim government followed at the time.[29][30]

In February 2025, following a widespread outburst of violence in the aftermath of demolition of Dhanmondi 32, the Yunus administration launched Operation Devil Hunt to quell the ongoing violence. On its first day, 1,308 people were arrested.[31][32]

Economic affairs

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In August, the Yunus administration appointed economist Debapriya Bhattacharya to head a committee charged with drafting a white paper on the economy of Bangladesh.[33] In September, Bhattacharya said that all agreements made during the AL regime would be "closely examined".[34]

On 18 August, the interim government expanded the inter-bank market's foreign exchange currency band from 1% to 2.5% to increase liquidity and allow banks to offer "slightly" higher rates. On 29 August, the treasury heads of 47 banks agreed to cap the USD exchange rate at Tk120. However as state-owned banks continued to offer higher rates, private banks continued to do the same, leading to Bangladesh's remittances rate reaching Tk122. The interim government also implemented a market-based exchange rate. A decrease in under-invoicing, money laundering and the decreased use of informal hundi channels in addition to a stronger dollar and decreased imports saw Bangladesh's remittances grow by 58% (to $4.63bn) in August–September.[35]

However, Inflation and economic growth have been an issue under the interim setup. As per the South Asia Development Update, the World Bank revised its economic growth forecast from 5.7% in April 2024 to 4% in October for the financial year 2025. Political instability exacerbated preexisting inflation. Food inflation under the interim government reached 14% and general inflation 11%. A sudden sharp rise in inflation in July 2024 was mostly attributed to the political turmoil facing Bangladesh; after momentary stabilization, inflation once again begun to increase. The general inflation rate in Bangladesh reached 10.87%, up from 9.92% in September 2024.[36][37][38][improper synthesis?] Later in November, inflation accelerated to 11.38%, the highest in four months.[39]

Development projects deemed "economically less important" were dropped by the interim government, while the owners of ready-made garment industries agreed to an 18-point demand of workers including minimum wage, nightly allowances, increased tiffin, monthly attendance bonusses, etc. Transparency International Bangladesh (TIB) noted "ongoing chaos" in the garment industry. In the banking sector the government reorganized the Board of Directors of Bangladesh Bank (BB), appointed a new central bank governor, and restructured the Boards of several state-owned commercial banks. In response to inflation, Bangladesh Bank untied controls on interest rates to decrease money supply, while the Yunus administration set the prices of 'daily commodities,' withdrew import duties on foodstuffs, removed letter of credit (LC) requirements on 'daily commodity' imports, and said there would be no borrowing limit from banks for companies importing food and fertilizers.[40] Inflation has continued to rise, reaching 11.38%, a four-month high in December.[41]

The interim government cancelled money "whitening" channels by removing a provision previously allowing the legitimization of undeclared assets by levying a 15% tax after asset declaration. Two bodies; an advisory committee to reform the National Board of Revenue (NBR) and a task force to review the Income Tax Act 2023 were constituted by the Interim administration, which also launched an online return filing system for tax year 2024-25 and made the submission of online income tax returns mandatory for certain occupations.[a] Tax exemption status was restored to Grameen Bank and given to As-Sunnah Foundation.[40]

In the stock market, the interim ministry reorganized the Bangladesh Securities and Exchange Commission (BSEC), Dhaka Stock Exchange, and Chittagong Stock Exchange, reduced capital gains tax to 15%, and formed three bodies: a committee to investigate S. Alam and Salman F. Rahman, another to "determine" the fall in market share prices, and a five-member task force to improve the market and recommend reforms.[40] TI Bangladesh said that there had been a "failure" from July to October to meet revenue collection targets and that loopholes continued to exist in property purchasing for legitimizing "black money". On the stock market it said that the "share market is still unstable".[40]

In November, the International Crisis Group (ICG) said "early signs suggest that policymakers can avoid a Sri Lanka-style economic crash" and added exchange rate reforms helped improve foreign reserves while inflation had declined from its peak, although it warned that "serious economic risks remain". The crisis group also said that long-term economic reform was "far longer" than the interim governments "likely lifespan", stating that the government was focused on "short-term macro-economic priorities" such as inflation, foreign reserves and economic stability.[42]

On 2 April 2025, Trump administration imposed 37% "reciprocal" tariff on Bangladesh, which is second highest in South Asia just after Sri Lanka (44%).[43] On 5 April, Yunus called an emergency meeting of experts, advisers and related officials to discuss over the tariff issue.[44] Following the meeting, decisions were made to increase import for reducing trade deficit with the United States.[45][46] On 7 April, Yunus sent a personal letter to President Donald Trump urging to reconsider the tariffs and requested a three-month postponement of the decision, highlighting steps to reduce trade deficit with the United States.[47]

Foreign affairs

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See also: List of international trips made by Muhammad Yunus as Chief Adviser of Bangladesh
President Joe Biden with Chief Adviser Yunus at the U.N. Headquarters in the New York City.
Yunus with President of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev and Secretary-General of the UN António Guterres at COP29 in Baku, Azerbaijan

Yunus' government engaged in discussions with the ambassadors of different countries, including Palestine, Italy, China, Russia, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, India, and others.[48][49][50][51]

A few days after becoming the Chief Adviser of the interim government, Yunus talked with the authorities of the United Arab Emirates. After the discussion, the President of the United Arab Emirates, Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, pardoned 57 Bangladeshi expatriates who were previously arrested for protesting against the Hasina government.[52][53]

On 29 August, the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance was signed by Yunus. It was well received by the people and the United Nations.[54]

On his official foreign visit at Seventy-ninth session of the United Nations General Assembly, Yunus discussed with the heads of the governments of many countries like Mauritius, Canada, United States, Italy, Pakistan, Nepal, the Maldives, and the Netherlands.[55][56][57] He also discussed with some high officials like Volker Türk, Ajay Banga, Kristalina Georgieva, Karim Ahmad Khan, Samantha Power, Noel Quinn, and Dick Durbin.[58] He also met former U.S. President Bill Clinton in a programme.[59]

On 4 October, the Prime Minister of Malaysia, Anwar Ibrahim, visited Bangladesh and greeted with Yunus. They discussed strengthening bilateral relations and different sectors of both countries.[60]

On 14 March 2025, the United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres visited Rohingya camps in Ukhiya, Cox’s Bazar. He praised Bangladesh for its humanitarian efforts but stressed the urgent need for international support to sustain aid programs.[61][62] He also expressed his solidarity with Bangladesh’s reform and transition process during his visits.[63][64]

On March 26, 2025, the Chief Adviser, Dr. Muhammad Yunus, visited China on a four-day trip. During the visit, Chinese President Xi Jinping expressed full support for Bangladesh's interim government and pledged to expand economic and technical cooperation.[65][66] Yunus raised issues such as Chinese investment in Bangladesh, river management, and the Rohingya crisis.[67] He requested a 50-year master plan from China for comprehensive river and water management.[68] After the suspension of Indian visas, China allocated four hospitals in Kunming specifically for Bangladeshi patients.[69] Additionally, China Eastern Airlines plans to operate flights between Bangladesh's port city, Chittagong, and Kunming.[70] Bangladesh has also secured $2.1 billion in investments, loans, and grants from China to enhance infrastructure and manufacturing sectors.[71] During this visit, an agreement on economic and technical cooperation was signed between Bangladesh and China. Furthermore, the two countries signed eight memoranda of understanding (MoUs) in areas such as literature and publishing, cultural heritage exchange and cooperation, news exchange, media, sports, and health.[72]

Yunus with Prime minister of India Narendra Modi in Bangkok,Thailand.

On 4 April 2025, Yunus and Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi met each other for the first time since the ouster of Hasina in August 2024. Both leaders engaged in a bilateral meeting in the sideline of 6th BIMSTEC summit in Bangkok.[73][74] Amongst the discussed topics, were extradition of Hasina, border killings, Ganges and Teesta water sharing, persecution of Hindu minorities in Bangladesh, and provocative statements made from the both sides.[75][76][77] Press Secretary of Bangladeshi CA Shafiqul Alam described the meeting as "constructive, productive, and fruitful".[78] In the meeting, Yunus also gifted a picture of Modi honouring him in 102th Indian Science Congress in 2015.[79]

Criticism

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In October 2024, Yunus made a remark about a "reset button" during an interview with the Voice of America, which was seen as suggesting revision of the country's history.[80] The government's press wing later clarified that Yunus did not intend to ' "erase" the nation's "proud history".[81]

Yunus' government received heavy criticism for its apparent failure to quell a spate of crimes against women, especially against minors in the aftermath of the revolution, following the death of an 8 year old girl from injuries sustained on being gangraped by her 20 year old brother-in-law and his father on March 2025 at Magura district.[82][83][84]

Constitutional status

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The interim government has faced legal obstacles due to constitutional and “legal inconsistencies”. The Appellate Division ruling from 2011 invalidated the 13th Amendment, which introduced the caretaker government system. The 15th amendment upheld this by abolishing the caretaker provision altogether. The Supreme Court's High Court Division declared the 15th Amendment unconstitutional but the move failed to restore the caretaker system. Amin Al Rashid of The Daily Star says the Appellate Division’s ruling remains 'binding'. The interim government operates outside the existing legal framework. For the government to be constitutionally legitimate, the 2011 ruling needs to be overturned which has not happened.[85]

Cabinet

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Further information: Yunus ministry § Members

President Mohammed Shahabuddin administered the oath of office to Yunus and his council of advisers at Bangabhaban on 8 August 2024.[86] The cabinet currently consists of Yunus as chief adviser, 23 advisers and 3 special assistants to the chief adviser. Apart from one Hindu adviser (Bidhan Ranjan Roy) and one Buddhist adviser (Supradip Chakma), all other members of the council are Muslim, out of which four are women (Farida Akhter, Nurjahan Begum, Rizwana Hasan and Sharmeen Murshid). Three student activists (Mahfuz Alam, Asif Mahmud and Nahid Islam) have also been included in the council. The Jamuna State Guest House is serving as the official residence of the chief adviser.[86]

Approval ratings

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Polling firm/Link Fieldwork date Date published Sample size Margin of Error Approval Disapproval "Can't say" No answer Net approval
Politics Economy Politics Economy Politics Economy Politics Economy Politics Economy
BRAC Institute of Governance and Development 15 — 31 October 2024 12 December 2024 4,158 ± 1.55% 56% 32% 34% 43% 8% 4% 2% 1% +22% -9%
BIGD[87] 22 Aug – 5 September 2024 16 September 2024 2,366 ± 2.0% 71% 60% 29% 40% – – – – +42% +20%

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ These being: government employees, bankers, employees of mobile operator companies, and officers and employees of six major companies within four city corporations.[40]

References

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  45. ^ "মার্কিন শুল্ক ইস্যুতে জরুরি বৈঠকে যেসব সিদ্ধান্ত হলো". Somoy TV. 5 April 2025.
  46. ^ "বাণিজ্য ঘাটতি কমিয়ে যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের শুল্ক মোকাবিলা করবে বাংলাদেশ". Daily Shiksha. 5 April 2025.
  47. ^ "ট্রাম্পকে ইউনূসের চিঠি, বাড়তি শুল্ক ৩ মাস স্তগিতের অনুরোধ". bdnews24.com. 7 April 2025.
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  68. ^ "Dhaka seeks 50-year masterplan from Beijing for water management". The Business Standard. 28 March 2025. Retrieved 1 April 2025.
  69. ^ "3 Kunming hospitals ready to welcome Bangladeshi patients: Wang Jiankun". United News of Bangladesh. Retrieved 1 April 2025.
  70. ^ "Chattogram-Kunming flights to boost access to Chinese healthcare". The Daily Star. 29 March 2025. Retrieved 1 April 2025.
  71. ^ "Bangladesh secures $2.1b in investment, loan and grant from China". The Business Standard. 28 March 2025. Retrieved 1 April 2025.
  72. ^ BSS (28 March 2025). "Bangladesh and China ink 9 instruments". Prothomalo. Retrieved 1 April 2025.
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  74. ^ "PM Modi meets Bangladesh's Muhammad Yunus in Bangkok, first since Sheikh Hasina's ouster". The Indian Express. 4 April 2025.
  75. ^ "অধ্যাপক ইউনূস ও নরেন্দ্র মোদীর প্রথম বৈঠক, শেখ হাসিনার প্রত্যর্পণ নিয়ে আলোচনা". BBC Bangla. 4 April 2025.
  76. ^ "অধ্যাপক ইউনূসের সাথে বৈঠকে মোদীর বক্তব্য কী ছিল". BBC Bangla. 4 April 2025.
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  83. ^ "Bangladesh: Fierce protests as eight-year-old rape victim dies". BBC News. 14 March 2025. Retrieved 14 March 2025.
  84. ^ "Shock, outrage allover: Magura rape victim passes away, laid to rest in hometown". The Business Standard. 13 March 2025. Retrieved 14 March 2025.
  85. ^ রশীদ, আমীন আল (17 December 2024). পঞ্চদশ সংশোধনী অবৈধ মানেই কি তত্ত্বাবধায়ক ফিরবে?. The Daily Star Bangla. Retrieved 18 December 2024.
  86. ^ a b "Yunus to stay at State Guest House Jamuna after taking oath". The Daily Star. 8 August 2024. Retrieved 19 August 2024.
  87. ^ দেশ ঠিক পথে যাচ্ছে বলে মনে করেন ৭১% মানুষ. Prothom Alo (in Bengali). 15 September 2024. Retrieved 15 September 2024.
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