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Codex Campianus

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Uncial 071
New Testament manuscript
Folio 91 recto, beginning of Mark, in the right margin liturgical note added: κυριακή προ των φώτων, on Sunday before Epiphany
Folio 91 recto, beginning of Mark, in the right margin liturgical note added: κυριακή προ των φώτων, on Sunday before Epiphany
NameCampianus
SignM
TextGospels
Date9th century
ScriptGreek
Now atBibliothèque nationale de France, Gr. 48
Size22 cm by 16.3 cm
TypeByzantine text-type
CategoryV
Handelegantly written
NoteMarginalia

Codex Campianus is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament Gospels, written on parchment. It is designated as "M" or "021" in the Gregory-Aland numbering of New Testament manuscripts, and ε 72 in the von Soden numbering of New Testament manuscripts.[1] Using the study of comparitive writings styles (palaeography), it has been assigned to the 9th century CE. The manuscript has complex contents. It has marginal notes and was prepared for liturgical (religious) use.

The text of the manuscript was held in high esteem by some 19th-century scholars, but this general opinion changed in the 20th century; as a result the manuscript is rarely cited in critical editions of the Greek New Testament.

Description

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The manuscript is a codex (precursor to the modern book), containing a complete text of the four Gospels, on 257 parchment leaves (sized 22 cm by 16.3 cm), with the text written in two columns per page, 24 lines per column in brown ink.[2][3][4][5] The leaves are arranged in quarto (this being four parchment leaves placed on top of each other and folded in half),[4] and according to Biblical scholar Frederick H. A Scrivener, it is written in a "very elegant and minute uncial" script.[4] The letters are similar in style and look to those from Codex Mosquensis II (V).[6] The breathing marks (utilised to designate vowel emphasis) and accents (used to indicate voiced pitch changes) have been added in red ink, as has also been some musical notation.[4][5] Lines for which the text is to be written were drawn with a sharp point, and the letters are written on the line, as opposed to being suspended under.[5] A middle point is used as a phrase mark.[5]

Quotations from the Old Testament are indicated, with miniature pictures of the four Evangelists before each Gospel, with Mark, Luke, and John all sat down.[5] Ornamentations are included at the beginning of each gospel, decorated in red and blue ink, and the larger initials of each section are also ornamented in red and blue ink.[5] Beginning (αρχη / arche) and ending (τελος / telos) marks used for the weekly lecton readings of the Church's calendar are also written.[5] The liturgical notes in the margin are written in minuscule letters.[4] According to Biblical scholar Constantin von Tischendorf, the handwriting of the liturgical notes in the margin is very similar to the Oxford manuscript of Plato dated to the year 895 and housed at the Bodleian Library.[6][7][4]

Codex Campianus has a number of errors due to contemporary changes in the pronunciation of Greek, a phenomenon known as iotacism.[7][4] It has errors of final nu (this being the inclusion of the Greek letter ν/n after certain verbs before a following word starting with a vowel, or the omission of the ν/n before a word starting with a consonant).[7][4] The text of the Gospels is divided according to the Ammonian Sections and the Eusebian Canons (both early divisions of the gospels into sections).[4][5] It has a Harmony of the Gospels written at the bottom of the pages.[7][4][5]

Besides the New Testament text, it contains a Chronology of the Gospels, the Epistle to Carpianus, the Eusebian Canon tables, liturgical books with the Synaxarion and Menologion hagiographies, αναγνωσματα (anagnosmata / notes of the Church Lessons), with the titles of the chapters (known as τιτλοι / titloi) written at the top of the pages.[5] There is some Arabic text on the last leaf, and a note in Slavonic which no one appears to have provided a translation for nor noted its location in the manuscript.[4][7] The Arabic note is illegible except one word, "Jerusalem".[7][4] Some notes are written in very small letters.[8]

Text

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The Greek text of the codex is considered a representative of the Byzantine text-type, with a number of Caesarean readings.[9][5] The text-types are groups of different New Testament manuscripts which share specific or generally related readings, which then differ from each other group, and thus the conflicting readings can separate out the groups. These are then used to determine the original text as published; there are three main groups with names: Alexandrian, Western, and Byzantine.[9]: 205–230  Tischendorf states its text is close to Codex Cyprius (K).[7] The textual critic Hermann Von Soden describes its text is a result of Pamphilus of Caesarea's recension.[10] It has a similar text to the minuscules 27, 71, 692, and 1194, thus being a part of the manuscripts comprising Family 1424.[11]

Biblical scholars Kurt and Barbara Aland gave it the following textual profile of 21, 21/2, 82, 3s.[2] This means the text of the codex agrees with the Byzantine standard text 202 times, 7 times with the original text against the Byzantine, and it agrees both with the Byzantine and original text 106 times.[2] There are 12 independent or distinctive readings in this codex.[2] Kurt Aland assigned the manuscript to Category V of his New Testament manuscript classification system.[2][11] Category V manuscripts are described as having "a purely or predominantly Byzantine text."[2]: 336 

In Matthew 1:11 it has the additional text τὸν Ἰωακίμ· Ἰωακὶμ δὲ ἐγέννησεν / Joakim. And Joakim fathered. This is also found in manuscripts Codex Koridethi (Θ), Codex Rossanensis (Σ), ƒ1, 33, 258, 478, 661, 791, 954, 1216, 1230, 1354, 1604, ℓ 54, syrh and other manuscripts.[12]: 2 [11] This variation was observed by Bernard de Montfaucon.[13]

Codex Campianus - Showing the Pericope Adulterae (John 8:9-11), with additional text at the end of 8:11

Though they are usually left out of modern critical Greek New Testaments, Matthew 16:2f-3, Luke 22:43f and John 5:4 are all included without any marks of doubtful or spuriousness in the manuscript.[5] Whilst it contains the text of the Pericope Adulterae (John 7:53-8:11),[5][11] it has it surrounded by asterisks to note reservations about its inclusion,[5] but also has an interesting variation in John 8:11, where it adds after the traditional 8:11:

τουτο δε ειπαν πειραζοντες αυτον ινα εχωσιν κατηγοριαν κατ αυτου
But this they said tempting him, that they might have to accuse him

This is a dislocation of verse 6.[12]: 274 [11] The traditional text of John 8:11 is "She said, 'No man, Lord'. And Jesus said unto her, 'Neither do I condemn thee: go, and sin no more.' ", without any further words.[14]

History

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The beginning of Matthew

The earliest history of the manuscript is unknown.[7] It was called Campianus after the Abbott François de Camps, who gave it to King Louis XIV of France.[6][4][7][5] The year in which this occurred is muddled, as the earliest scholar to note this (Ludolph Kuster) says it was presented in 1607; however this is an impossibility due to King Louis XIV not being born until 1638.[5] Biblical scholar Caspar René Gregory gives the date as 1706,[7] but Scrivener gives it as 1707;[4] both evidently trying to decipher whether Kuster had it misprinted either with mixed up numbers, or the wrong century.[5] Montfaucon also notes this presentation to the King, but provides no year.[5]

The codex was examined and described by Montfaucon, who gave its first description and first facsimile, and by Giuseppe Bianchini, who collated its text.[15][7] It was used by Kuster in 1710 and reprinted by him for scholar John Mill's Novum Testamentum Graecum.[7] The text was collated by biblical scholar Samuel P. Tregelles.[7] The codex was added to the list of the New Testament manuscripts by the Swiss theologian Johann J. Wettstein, who gave it the siglum "M".[16] It was added by Gregory to his list of New Testament manuscripts in 1908, where it was given the siglum "021", and retained Wettstein's M siglum.[1][7]

Some non-biblical material of the codex, such as the Synaxarion and Menologion, was published by scholar Johann M. Scholz in the same publication as those from Codex Cyprius, but with carelessness according to Tischendorf.[6] Dean Burgon has observed that its "Harmony of the Gospels" is of the same type as in Codex Basilensis.[4]

According to 19th century scholars like Tregelles, "it contains many good readings"[8] and Scrivener said the readings from the manuscript are "very good".[4] In the 20th century the manuscript remains largely neglected by scholars and its text is classified as of "low value" (as per the V of Aland's categories).[2] Scholar Russell Champlin examined its text in the Gospel of Matthew and its relationship to the textual Family E.[17]

The manuscript was cited in at least one critical edition of the United Bible Society's Greek New Testament, UBS3,[18] but it is not cited in the following edition UBS4.[19] It is not considered one of the manuscripts among the "consistently cited witnesses" in the German Bible Society's Novum Testamentum Graece Nestle-Aland 26th edition,[12]: 12*  nor the 27th edition,[20] where it is only cited as an "occasionally cited witness" when its text "diverge[s] from the Koine text in passages of special interest for the history of the text or for exegesis."[20]: 51*  In the 28th edition of the Nestle-Aland NTG, the manuscript is no longer listed nor cited in the apparatus.[21]

Bernard de Montfaucon dated the manuscript to the 10th or 11th century due to palaeographical similarities with the manuscripts housed in Italian libraries.[13]: 260  Tischendorf dated it to the last half of the 9th century as he argued it has similarities between liturgical notes of the codex and the Oxford manuscript of Plato dated to the year 895.[6] Tregelles dated it to the end of the 9th century or beginning of the 10th century.[8] It is currently dated by the Institute for New Testament Textual Research (INTF) to the 9th century.[3] It is currently housed in the National Library of France (shelf number Gr. 48) in Paris.[5][2][3]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Gregory, Caspar René (1908). Die griechischen Handschriften des Neuen Testament [The Greek Manuscripts of the New Testament] (in German). Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs. p. 34.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Aland, Kurt; Aland, Barbara (1995). The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism. Translated by Erroll F. Rhodes. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-8028-4098-1.
  3. ^ a b c "Codex Campianus: M/021". Münster Institute. Retrieved 2012-01-24.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Scrivener, Frederick Henry Ambrose; Edward Miller (1894). A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament. Vol. 1. London: George Bell & Sons. p. 139.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Hatch, William Henry Paine (1939). The Principal Uncial Manuscripts of the New Testament. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. Plate 46 (XLVI).
  6. ^ a b c d e von Tischendorf, Constantin (1859). Novum Testamentum Graece. Editio Septima [The Greek New Testament: Seventh Edition] (in Latin). Lipsiae: Adolphi Winter. p. CLIX.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Gregory, Caspar René (1900). Textkritik des Neuen Testaments [Textual Criticism of the New Testament] (in German). Vol. 1. Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs. p. 56.
  8. ^ a b c Tregelles, Samuel Prideaux (1856). An Introduction to the Critical study and Knowledge of the Holy Scriptures (10 ed.). London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, & Roberts. p. 202.
  9. ^ a b Metzger, Bruce Manning; Ehrman, Bart D. (2005). The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption and Restoration (4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 77. ISBN 0-19-516667-1.
  10. ^ Wisse, Frederik (1982). The Profile Method for the Classification and Evaluation of Manuscript Evidence, as Applied to the Continuous Greek Text of the Gospel of Luke. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 52, 64, 100.
  11. ^ a b c d e Janczuk, Leszek. "Tekst Nowego Testamentu: Rekopisy greckie, przeklady I tysiaclecia, tekst drukowany" [The Text of the New Testament: Greek Manuscripts, First-Millennium Translations, Printed Text] (in Polish). p. 67.
  12. ^ a b c Aland, Kurt; Black, Matthew; Martini, Carlo Maria; Metzger, Bruce M.; Wikgren, Allen, eds. (1981). Nestle-Aland Novum Testamentum Graece (26 ed.). Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelstiftung. ISBN 3-438-051001. (NA26)
  13. ^ a b Bernard Montfaucon (1708). Palaeographia Graeca, sive, De ortu et progressu literarum graecarum (in Latin). Paris. p. 261.
  14. ^ Holy Bible: King James Version, Pure Cambridge Edition. Australia: Unknown. 1900. p. 678. John 8:11
  15. ^ Bianchini, Giuseppe (1749). Evangeliarium quadruplex Latinae Versionis Antiquae seu Veteris Italicae [The Four Gospels of the Ancient Latin or Old Italian Version] (in Latin). Vol. 1 part 2. Rome: Antonius de Rubeis. p. DIV (504).
  16. ^ Wettstein, Johann Jakob (1751). Novum Testamentum Graecum editionis receptae cum lectionibus variantibus codicum manuscripts [The Received Greek New Testament Edition with Variant Readings from Codices and Manuscripts] (in Latin). Amsterdam: Ex Officina Dommeriana. p. 41.
  17. ^ Russell Champlin (1966). Family E and its Allies in Matthew. Studies and Documents. Vol. XXVIII. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. pp. 163–169.
  18. ^ Aland, Kurt; Black, Matthew; Martini, Carlo Maria; Metzger, Bruce Manning; Wikgren, Allen, eds. (1983). The Greek New Testament (3rd ed.). Stuttgart: United Bible Societies. p. XVI. ISBN 9783438051103. (UBS3)
  19. ^ Aland, Kurt; Aland, Barbara; Karavidopoulos, Johannes; Martini, Carlo Maria; Metzger, Bruce Manning, eds. (2001). The Greek New Testament (4 ed.). United Bible Societies. p. 4*, 11*. ISBN 978-3-438-05110-3. (UBS4).
  20. ^ a b Aland, Kurt; Aland, Barbara; Karavidopoulos, Johannes; Martini, Carlo Maria; Metzger, Bruce Manning, eds. (2001). Nestle-Aland Novum Testamentum Graece (27 ed.). Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft. pp. 58*–59*. (NA27)
  21. ^ Aland, Kurt; Aland, Barbara; Karavidopoulos, Johannes; Martini, Carlo M.; Metzger, Bruce Manning, eds. (2012). Novum Testamentum Graece (28 ed.). Stuttgart: German Bible Society. pp. 61*, 801. ISBN 978-3-438-05140-0.
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